Two sets of highly credentialed experts. CVs a mile long. Department chairs, extensive publication records.
Both sides testified on whether a probe could have caused a specific perforation injury. One side said absolutely not. The other said yes, it could.
Neither side cited any literature. In depositions, both said they weren’t aware of any.
A systematic search later turned up six case studies and series — same procedure, same technology, nearly identical perforation. Some even attributed the injury to human error.
That evidence could have tipped the case.
In Episode 22 of the Expert Witness Playbook, Dr. Brian Woodruff talks with Michael Graham, a medical and scientific research consultant with more than twenty years as a medical librarian, about what most attorneys and experts miss when they rely on a PubMed search and call it done.
We cover the evidence pyramid, common misuses of literature in Daubert challenges, why some of the best databases are off-limits to most clinicians, and where AI tools like OpenEvidence and ChatGPT genuinely help — and where they quietly fail, including fabricated citations that look completely real until you try to open them.
If you’re an expert witness, attorney, or LNC building a case on medical evidence, this one is worth your time.
ID used to identify users for 24 hours after last activity
24 hours
_gat
Used to monitor number of Google Analytics server requests when using Google Tag Manager
1 minute
_gac_
Contains information related to marketing campaigns of the user. These are shared with Google AdWords / Google Ads when the Google Ads and Google Analytics accounts are linked together.
90 days
__utma
ID used to identify users and sessions
2 years after last activity
__utmt
Used to monitor number of Google Analytics server requests
10 minutes
__utmb
Used to distinguish new sessions and visits. This cookie is set when the GA.js javascript library is loaded and there is no existing __utmb cookie. The cookie is updated every time data is sent to the Google Analytics server.
30 minutes after last activity
__utmc
Used only with old Urchin versions of Google Analytics and not with GA.js. Was used to distinguish between new sessions and visits at the end of a session.
End of session (browser)
__utmz
Contains information about the traffic source or campaign that directed user to the website. The cookie is set when the GA.js javascript is loaded and updated when data is sent to the Google Anaytics server
6 months after last activity
__utmv
Contains custom information set by the web developer via the _setCustomVar method in Google Analytics. This cookie is updated every time new data is sent to the Google Analytics server.
2 years after last activity
__utmx
Used to determine whether a user is included in an A / B or Multivariate test.
18 months
_ga
ID used to identify users
2 years
_gali
Used by Google Analytics to determine which links on a page are being clicked